1 Introduction

The pace of urbanization in Africa is accelerating, and the importance of cities in economic, cultural, and political life is becoming increasingly prominent. As a representative of West African countries, Senegal's influx of rural population into cities has brought about social changes such as economic structural transformation, social stratification, cultural diversity, and governance model transformation. The rapid and spontaneous urbanization process is changing the traditional social structure and bringing many challenges. This article takes the perspective of social change theory to analyze how urbanization in Senegal drives the transformation of social structure from traditional communities to modern diversity, providing reference for understanding the social transformation brought by urbanization in developing countries and supporting the formulation of relevant policies.

2. Social Change Theory and the Transformation of Urbanization in Senegal

Explored in depth the multiple dimensions of social change in Senegal's urbanization process. Firstly, the historical driving force of urbanization in Senegal was analyzed through modernization theory and cumulative causality theory, pointing out the impact of colonial rule and postcolonial experiences on urbanization, as well as the dynamic process of resource concentration and increasing inequality. Next, the changes in residential forms were discussed, including the transition from rural communities to fragmented urban living patterns, as well as the changes in social organization forms and family functions during this process. In addition, the changes in social class and resource allocation were explored, and the structural evolution of class restructuring and increasing inequality was analyzed, as well as the impact of unequal educational opportunities on class reproduction. Finally, the changes in identity cognition and social tension were discussed, revealing the diversification of individual identity recognition and the interweaving of tradition and modernity in the process of urbanization, as well as the resulting social contradictions and governance challenges.

Empirical Analysis of Social Changes in Urbanization: Dakar and Tuba

Through the case studies of Dakar and Touba in Senegal, this paper explores the mechanisms of social change and their impact on social transformation in the process of urbanization. The urbanization of Dakar is driven by the economy, manifested by spatial fragmentation, miniaturization of residential units, social differentiation, and the formation of emerging classes and urban poverty groups. In the process of economic prosperity and globalization, the uneven allocation of resources between urban core areas and peripheral areas has led to the solidification of social classes and the exacerbation of inequality. In terms of identity recognition, the younger generation in Dakar tends to integrate traditional and modern elements of urban identity, but the intersection of multiculturalism also triggers ethnic conflicts. The transformation of the management system faces challenges, the effectiveness of urban renewal plans is limited, and governance difficulties persist for a long time. The urbanization of Tuba is dominated by the religious and economic model of the Murid Order, with residential space differentiation and marginalization of lower class groups, but the spatial organizational logic is influenced by religion. The religious economy has given rise to a new social stratification, but the economic status of new immigrants is not high and resource allocation is uneven. Identity is shaped by the Murid Order, and religious identity becomes the core of social cohesion. The transformation of the management system is manifested as the interweaving of religious authority and modern administration, with religious groups assuming some municipal functions, but facing challenges in modern governance due to insufficient technology and resources.

The deep structure and future direction of urbanization and social change in Senegal

Explored the deep structure and future direction of urbanization and social change in Senegal. Firstly, the influence and institutional solidification during the colonial period led to social stratification, economic income differentiation, which was closely related to residential areas, power networks, and access to educational resources. Secondly, in the process of urbanization, there is a demand for readjusting the foundation of urban social order and a challenge to the legitimacy of governance. Traditional social connections and norms are weakened in the urban environment, and the "contract" of modern urban society has not yet been established. The trust foundation between citizens, the government, and different groups of citizens is affected. Thirdly, the self-awareness development, identity recognition, and resource allocation competition of new social groups in cities, how emerging urban entities can find their place in new urban spaces, establish a sense of collective belonging, and make urban spaces a place for different groups to strive for resource and identity recognition. Finally, the widespread existence of informal economy and social activities, as well as the deep structural conflicts between them and the formal institutional system, indicate that informality is not only a survival strategy for the lower class, but also reflects the shortcomings and rigidity of the formal system. There is a continuous conflict between informal and formal systems, which is related to economic efficiency and social equity, and touches on the effective scope of national governance and the basic model of urban development. The future direction of urbanization depends on how to handle this contradiction and find more inclusive development strategies.

5 Conclusion

Emphasizing the need for urbanization transformation in Senegal, valuing social solidarity, and utilizing social capital and traditional solidarity mechanisms to promote urban governance and community development. Policies should support non-governmental participation in public services, improve informal economy and housing conditions, and enhance the livelihood security and development capabilities of informal sector practitioners. At the same time, youth development should be given priority, industries that absorb youth employment should be developed, the education system should be reformed, and the vitality of youth innovation and entrepreneurship should be stimulated. Senegal's urbanization should take the path of localization and innovation, which requires joint efforts from multiple parties.