Introduced the concept of "localization" and explored the transformation of Chinese and Western co governance under the leadership of Ji Lifei in the Guangxue Society. Faced with the severe challenges of the Chinese missionary situation in 1919, such as the non Christian movement and the New Culture movement, how did Ji Lifei lead the Guangxue Society to seek survival and achieve publishing transformation in the new historical atmosphere. At the same time, an analysis was conducted on how the Guangxue Society integrated into Chinese local society during the Christianization movement, as well as the lack of academic research on the Guangxue Society's path towards Christianization. The article aims to examine the localization transformation path of the Guangxue Society under the non Christian movement, and to reproduce the efforts of Christianity to integrate into local society during the awakening of modern Chinese national consciousness.

1、 An analysis of the background of the transformation of Guangxue Society towards localization

Explored the outbreak of the non Christian movement in China in 1922 and its impact on the Guangxue Society. The movement originated from the World Christian Student Union's conference at Tsinghua University, which sparked anti Christian sentiment among students and led to the Shanghai Student Organization Non Christian Alliance demanding national freedom and independence, and opposing Christian propaganda. The annual report of the Guangxue Society points out the negative impact of religion on morality, intelligence, and material aspects, and the rise of Chinese nationalism and anti revolutionary sentiment. Under the leadership of Ji Lifei, the Guangxue Society is facing severe challenges, and Christianity has become the target of attack for scientific atheism. The Chinese church discussed the poor effectiveness of the spread of Christianity in China and launched a localization movement, advocating for church independence and reducing dependence on Western churches. The Guangxue Society suffered heavy losses during the non revolutionary movement and the National Revolution. Officials in the late Qing Dynasty were replaced, weakening social support. Local printing institutions such as the Commercial Press took over textbook compilation, resulting in a weakened market share. Li Timotai's resignation has affected fundraising, and the publications of Datong Daily and Church Gazette have been suspended. Ji Lifei believes that church publishing is a costly and difficult to profit business that requires fundraising. The Guangxue Society also faced the challenge of literary vernacular reform. Hu Shi and others initiated the May Fourth Cultural Revolution movement, advocating for vernacular to replace classical Chinese in writing literary works. Ji Lifei holds an optimistic attitude, believing that this is an inevitable choice for social change. During his tenure as the head of the Guangxue Society from 1919 to 1929, Ji Lifei faced dual pressures from religious and non religious individuals, resulting in numerous difficulties in publishing and missionary work.

2、 The Road to Transformation of Guangxue Society towards Localization

As a member of the Canadian Presbyterian Church, Ji Lifei actively supports the localization movement of the Chinese church and promotes the transformation of the Guangxue Society towards localization in the context of social change in China. He returned the publishing focus of Guangxue Society to religion and strengthened gospel propaganda to adapt to the changes in social atmosphere and anti religious challenges during the Republican era. Ji Lifei emphasized the importance of the localization of Christianity, improved the acceptance of Chinese people, and weakened sectarianism within the church. The Guangxue Society publishes religious publications and collaborates with theological schools to compile theological books, shaping Christianity as a force for social progress. Ji Lifei pays attention to the student community and founded the bi monthly magazine "Mingdeng" to attract students to discuss religious issues, shifting the main audience to young students. In the early days, the Guangxue Society was controlled by foreigners, and Ji Lifei promoted the participation of Chinese in decision-making, increased the number of Chinese directors, trained Chinese employees, and formed a situation of co governance between China and the West. At the 1922 National Congress of Christianity, Jilifei supported the establishment of the Church of the True Color and called on Chinese people to assume the responsibility of authors, promoting cooperation between Chinese and Western churches. The Guangxue Society responded to the New Culture Movement by publishing in vernacular Chinese, using trendy vocabulary to attract readers, promoting phonetic alphabet, inviting Hu Shi to give speeches, and emphasizing training in vernacular writing. Ji Lifei's natural transformation path enabled the Guangxue Society to maintain normal operation and smoothly transition under the questioning of non Christian movements and scientism.

3、 The impact of the transformation of Guangxue Society towards localization

In the 1920s, non Christian movements emerged in China, and Christian missionary activities were challenged by nationalism. In this context, the Chinese church began to explore localization, reflecting the awakening of national consciousness. Ji Lifei leads the Guangxue Society to undergo a transformation towards its own characteristics and interacts with the social changes in China. He adjusted his publishing policy, shifting the focus to the religious field, and the target audience shifted from officials and literati to students, women, and children. The Guangxue Society has published several influential religious books and newspapers, providing ideological enlightenment to the public while avoiding political risks and obtaining operational funds. Ji Lifei also promoted the financial and facility development of the Guangxue Society, such as establishing new clubs and libraries. He also actively participates in writing articles, translating books, and preaching, with a wide influence. The Guangxue Society supported the vernacular movement, adjusted its publishing policies, and distributed publications in vernacular Chinese, promoting the transformation of the dissemination media of Chinese literature and the way readers receive knowledge. In addition, the Guangxue Society focused its efforts on promoting religion and seeking legitimacy in the 1920s, while also promoting the dissemination of scientific and democratic ideas in the New Culture Movement. Ji Lifei expanded the inclusion of Chinese in the Guangxue Society, forming a situation of "co governance of China and the West", which promoted the development of the Guangxue Society's publishing industry. The Chinese editors he promoted played an important role in the development of Chinese Christian literature. In the early stages, the Guangxue Society adopted a collaborative model of "translating from the West to the Chinese", and later gradually, Chinese people independently undertook the writing work. However, while supporting the localization of Christianity, Ji Lifei is also unwilling to quickly hand over the leadership of the church to the Chinese, believing that the support of Western churches is still important. His evaluation of other beliefs is unfair, always examining Chinese culture with a "top-down" attitude. Therefore, the localization of the publishing industry promoted by Guangxue in China is not thorough enough, and it is difficult to get rid of the "foreign flavor".

4、 Conclusion

Ji Lifei played a core role in the transformation of the Guangxue Society towards localization. Faced with the non Christian movement and the strengthening of national consciousness in the 1920s, he promoted the localization movement of the Chinese church by delegating leadership and responding to the call for cooperation from the National Christian Congress. He converted the publications of Guangxue Society into vernacular Chinese, in line with the literary reform of the New Culture Movement, guiding and training readers' language cognition. Under the leadership of Ji Lifei, Guangxue successfully overcame the anti Christian crisis and laid the foundation for Chinese rule. Cultural dissemination is a process of information exchange, and the shaping of knowledge power is influenced by the recipient. The Western learning books published by the Chinese Intellectuals' Reading Society aim to save the country and break free from the enslavement of Western powers, which contradicts the goal of missionaries to establish the Kingdom of God. The publications issued by the Guangxue Society refuting the theory of evolution and Marxism did not change the religious beliefs of Chinese intellectuals, but instead cultivated a group of young intellectuals who believed in science and communism, promoting the dissemination of scientific and democratic ideas in China.