Discussed the impact of language contact on language development, particularly the history of language contact between China and Europe. The arrival of Jesuits in China in the 16th century marked the comprehensive contact between Chinese and European languages, leading to the transformation of the Chinese language. The "Portuguese Chinese Dictionary" compiled by Luo Mingjian is the world's earliest system of Romanized Chinese phonetic annotation, and holds an important academic position in the history of bilingual Chinese and foreign dictionary compilation. Luo Mingjian and Matteo Ricci collaborated to write a Portuguese Chinese bilingual dictionary with Roman phonetic annotations, which is their achievement in learning Chinese and their attempt to explore Chinese learning methods using Latin characters. In the first ten years, Jesuits mainly self studied Chinese with the assistance of local Chinese, and were guided by experienced missionaries to learn Chinese for new missionaries who came to China.

1、 Chinese language learning about "Poetry Rhyme" and its scattered pages

Introduced "Shiyun" and its scattered pages as important literature for Luo Mingjian's early Chinese language learning. The "Poetry Rhyme" is an unsigned manuscript, with the main text copied from the rhyme section of "Pingshui Rhyme", including 15 parts of upper Pingsheng and 6 parts of lower Pingsheng, and with some copying errors. After the main text, there are scattered pages listing 27 polyphonic characters with their phonetic annotations and Latin definitions, written in a Western style horizontal layout. The scattered pages may be remnants of the bilingual booklet "Han La" that explains homophones and polysemous characters. The phonetic annotation method in the scattered pages of "Shi Yun" differs significantly from the "Luo Mingjian Phonetic Scheme" in the "Portuguese Chinese Dictionary" compiled by Luo Mingjian and Matteo Ricci. For example, the phonetic annotation method for initial and final consonants is different. The scattered page phonetic annotation distinguishes aspirated sounds, while the "Portuguese Chinese Dictionary" does not; The scattered page phonetic annotation marks tone symbols, while the Portuguese Chinese Dictionary almost does not mark them. The scattered Western writing is different from Luo Mingjian's handwriting, suggesting that it was not written by Luo Mingjian. The Book of Poetry and Rhyme is a reference book for Luo Mingjian to learn Chinese rhyme and prose. The scattered pages may be remnants of a polyphonic character comparison table compiled by a certain missionary, which was brought back to Rome and attached to the book of Poetry and Rhyme.

2、 Chinese language learning about the Thousand Character Classic

Explored the influence of Jesuit Far Eastern Inspector Fan Lian'an on China's missionary policies, especially the requirement for Luo Mingjian to learn Chinese. Through self-learning Chinese, Luo Mingjian successfully communicated with officials and the public in Guangdong, laying the foundation for the spread of Western Catholicism in China. The "Portuguese Chinese Dictionary" he wrote in Zhaoqing includes dialogue style articles in full Romanized pinyin, which can be regarded as the prototype of "Visiting and Answering". Luo Mingjian and Matteo Ricci attempted to combine European teaching methods with traditional Chinese educational methods to learn Chinese, including creating a reference dictionary and Roman phonetic annotations. As the number of Jesuits increased, senior missionaries began to provide Chinese enlightenment training for newcomers, forming a progressive language learning model of oral Mandarin training, vernacular writing, and Confucian classic reading.