Introduced the development process of the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" strategy. In 2000, the United Nations adopted Resolution 1325, emphasizing the importance of a gender perspective in peace and security processes. In 2011, the Obama administration released the "2011-2014 WPS Action Plan" to promote women's participation in security affairs. In 2017, the WPS Act of 2017 became the world's first legislation related to women, peace, and security. In 2019, the "2019 WPS Strategy" integrated a gender perspective into the national security strategy. The WPS strategy aims to leverage the role of women in national security, and its continuation benefits from feminist security research and the accumulation of women's experience in national security affairs. Feminist research points out gender differences in security processes and promotes the application of gender perspectives in security research. American women have never been absent from the national security process, and from World War I, World War II to the Cold War, female politicians and organizations advocated for peace. The empowerment of female staff in the US security sector is gradually being relaxed. American female pacifists are pushing for UN Resolution 1325 and have become a key force in promoting women, peace, and security affairs domestically. After three administrations' development, the WPS strategy in the United States has established a relatively complete system and supporting measures. However, academic research on this strategy is currently not abundant, lacking a systematic interpretation of the internal logic, evolution process, and limitations of the WPS strategy.

1、 The Development and Evolution of the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" Strategy

The status of gender issues in US national security has gradually increased, becoming a regular topic since the Clinton administration. The Clinton administration incorporated gender issues into its national security strategy, emphasizing the role of women's rights in promoting global peace and sustainable development, and established an independent gender strategic framework. The Bush administration used gender policy as a propaganda tool for its counter-terrorism strategy, focusing on women's rights in Afghanistan and Iraq, and intervening in women's development and political participation through aid. The Obama administration has released the first WPS action plan, elevating gender issues to an independent action plan and clarifying the implementation path for women's protection, participation, and empowerment. The Trump administration signed the WPS bill, incorporating the WPS agenda into the national security strategy system, but the policy tends to be conservative. The Biden administration is promoting the diversified development of the WPS strategy, involving more non-traditional security areas and including sexual minorities and marginalized groups as target groups. The US WPS strategy has undergone long-term accumulation and phased evolution, forming a unique and systematic strategic framework and implementation path.

2、 The Security Concept of the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" Strategy

Explored the integrated security concepts in the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" strategy, including feminist security concepts and traditional national security concepts. The feminist security concept advocates using women as the object of security reference, emphasizing that security needs and policies should be based on a female perspective, while the traditional national security concept takes the state as the core of security and values military and political security. The US strategy embodies the duality of these two concepts, with feminist ideas driving the expansion and diversification of security concepts, focusing on women's economic and healthcare security needs, while traditional ideas closely link women's security with US national security, emphasizing the importance of women's issues to national security. Although the strategy has expanded in the realm of security, the core issues still focus on the military and political fields, resulting in limited practice on issues such as economic empowerment and basic education. The duality of US strategy reflects a change in security concepts, but at the same time, it also demonstrates the essence of safeguarding national security interests.

3、 The Implementation Path of the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" Strategy

The implementation path of the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" strategy includes three aspects: women's protection, women's participation, and women's empowerment. Women's protection focuses on issues such as gender based violence and war rape, and combats gender based violence through assistance, law enforcement, training, and other means. Women's participation aims to promote their involvement in security and peace processes, including domestic reforms and international cooperation. Empowering women to enhance their safety literacy through economic, educational, and political means. The strategy reflects the intention of the United States to shape its national image through gender issues, but there are limitations in mechanism construction and strategic thinking, and the position of implementing gender equality principles during times of crisis is not firm.

4、 Limitations of the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" Strategy

Since its launch, the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" strategy has shown significant limitations despite the gendered nature of national security concepts and processes. Political polarization and partisan differences have hindered the advancement of strategic tasks, led to policy fluctuations, and government changes affecting the long-term development of policies. Lack of effective coordination and supervision mechanisms for cross departmental cooperation, difficulty in clearly implementing main responsibilities, and difficulty in establishing a fixed personnel structure. The strategy lacks an effective tracking and evaluation mechanism, and the evaluation indicators set by each department focus on quantity rather than quality. There are significant differences in the level of participation of various executing departments in the strategy, with the participation of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Homeland Security remaining at a relatively low level for a long time. In terms of strategic awareness, "American centric" takes priority over "female centric", with key target regions or countries adjusted according to changes in national security interests. Non state actors also face cognitive dilemmas in advancing strategies, posing challenges to the core supporting concepts of the strategy. The constraining effect of partisan differences in the United States on this strategy has been particularly significant after Trump's re-election.

conclusion

After the 2024 US election, the Trump administration holds a negative attitude towards the "Women, Peace, and Security" strategy and multiculturalism. The first female leader in the military department has been dismissed, and the government prohibits transgender individuals from enlisting. The Minister of National Defense announced that only the minimum requirements stipulated by law will be implemented and efforts will be made to terminate the plan. The government opposes the United Nations' initiative to expand the role of women in peacekeeping and security, which is in stark contrast to its previous supportive attitude. Although the Ministry of National Defense advocates reducing related strategies, there are different opinions domestically on this matter. The State Council stated that it will continue to implement relevant work and comply with the 2017 WPS Act. On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women, the United States' "Women, Peace, and Security" strategy is facing significant adjustments, and the resurgence of conservatism and populism brings uncertainty. The international community needs to re-examine the impact of US policies on the global gender equality agenda and the potential chain reactions.