1、 Opportunities and challenges for global governance of artificial intelligence entering a new stage

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has brought new opportunities and challenges to global governance. Since 2022, the widespread application of new generation artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT has propelled global governance into a new phase. In terms of international cooperation, the actions of institutions such as the United Nations, the United Kingdom, and the European Union indicate new opportunities for cooperation, but at the same time, international competition is intensifying, especially as the United States attempts to dominate global development by restricting technology exports. The existing research provides a theoretical framework for global governance, but it is still insufficient compared to the dynamic and complex nature of artificial intelligence global governance. The goal of global governance of artificial intelligence is to promote technological goodness and control risks, but in practice, governance entities often compete based on comparative advantages. This article proposes that global governance of artificial intelligence should shift from multi-party entities to multilateral entities, forming parallel mechanisms. However, there are still deficits in the governance process, outcomes, and effectiveness. The future reform direction should revolve around the concept of "competitive cooperation", promote continuous reform to make up for the deficit, promote technology to benefit humanity, and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

2、 Characteristics of Artificial Intelligence Global Governance Entering a New Stage: A Dual Perspective Analysis Based on Subject and Mechanism

The goals of global governance of artificial intelligence are refined to promote global public good governance, control common risks, avoid institutional burdens, set risk baselines, and ensure fairness. The main characteristics of the current stage include: the evolution of dominant governance entities from multi-party entities to multilateral entities, forming three types of governance entities: non-profit technology communities, sovereign governments, and intergovernmental institutions; The four core mechanisms are parallel, including proposing principles and concepts, improving technical solutions, promoting work projects, and building platform institutions. Specifically, at the level of principles and concepts, each governing body guides the global governance agenda by condensing principles and concepts; At the technical solution level, propose and promote global technical standards or solutions; At the project level, promote governance processes through cross-border work tasks and projects; At the level of platform institutions, explore the establishment of international organizations with broad representativeness, influence, and execution power. However, there are still various governance deficits in the current governance process, which have not fully responded to the requirements of the era of artificial intelligence global governance.

3、 Reflection on the Global Governance Process of Artificial Intelligence: Rationality, Fairness, and Effectiveness

The evaluation of global governance through artificial intelligence involves governance processes, outcomes, and effectiveness, with rationality, fairness, and effectiveness being key indicators. The rationality deficit is reflected in the lack of openness and accountability in the governance process, such as neglecting procedural issues, closed governance rule making processes, and a lack of clear accountability chains. The fairness deficit is manifested as unequal access to technology and governance resources, inadequate response to the impact of artificial intelligence on social differentiation, and a lack of consensus on risk bottom lines. The effectiveness deficit involves the difficulty and misalignment of governance outcomes, such as the lack of broad governance consensus, insufficient governance tools, and the possibility of companies using "soft governance" to evade actual supervision.

4、 Coping with the global governance deficit of artificial intelligence: taking the concept of "competitive cooperation" as the reform direction

There is a deficit in fairness, rationality, and effectiveness in the global governance of artificial intelligence, which requires reform. The direction of reform is the concept of "competitive cooperation", which means promoting international cooperation while recognizing competition, and achieving value sharing and risk sharing. This concept emphasizes the strategic relationship between independent decision-making entities whose interests and goals are not completely aligned but are interdependent, and introduces game theory to form a "variable sum game" relationship. In the field of global governance, the concept of competitive cooperation holds that the relationships between countries are richer and more diverse than the binary framework of "competition/cooperation". Competition and cooperation can coexist, which is conducive to achieving a balance between the interests of the governing body itself and the global public interest. In terms of global governance of artificial intelligence, the concept of competitive cooperation can help make up for governance deficits, promote governance entities to open up the governance process, implement governance responsibilities, address structural imbalances and form bottom line consensus, and promote the implementation and execution of governance mechanisms. China should view competition and cooperation issues from a systemic perspective, participate in international cooperation, promote global governance reform and construction, summarize domestic experience and strengthen international exchanges, and promote the implementation of governance principles.

conclusion

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology poses new challenges to global governance. The article explores the necessity of innovating global governance concepts, systems, and mechanisms, and proposes a reform direction of "competitive cooperation". In the future, attention should be paid to technological iteration, application popularization, and multilateral subject behavior, promoting consultation, co construction, and sharing, and building a community with a shared future for mankind.