Explored the power structure of member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, particularly the role of non Arab Islamic countries in it. Islamic countries usually have Islam as their main religious belief, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, as the largest intergovernmental international organization in the Islamic world, has connections among its member states based on a common Islamic faith. Arab countries occupy a central position in the organization due to their historical and geographical advantages, forming a division from non Arab Islamic countries. Existing research mostly focuses on major countries, with relatively little systematic research on non Arab Islamic countries, and there are shortcomings in terms of history, theory, and case selection. Power is the key to analyzing international organizations, but existing research often overlooks the relativity, situationality, dynamism, and multiplicity of power, as well as the specificity of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The purpose of this paper is to sort out the power performance of non Arab Islamic countries in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) by constructing an analytical framework, and take Iran, Pakistan, Türkiye and Malaysia as examples to analyze their action characteristics, interaction rules and behavior logic in the organization.

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In depth analysis of the power structure of non Arab Islamic countries in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The sources of power include material resources, conceptual resources, inter state relations, international system structure, and institutional power. Material resources such as geographical territory, population, natural resources, economic and military capabilities are the foundation of national power, affecting the contribution and participation in international organizations. Conceptual power influences other countries through religious beliefs, historical memory, and traditional customs, such as Saudi Arabia's holy land resources, Iran's Shia status, and Egypt's religious institutions. The dynamic changes in power are influenced by inter state relations and the structure of the international system, while institutional power guides the behavior of other countries through rules and procedures. These power elements are interdependent and jointly influence the behavior and decision-making of member states in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

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Non Arab Islamic countries occupy an important position in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, with over 60% of its member states and significant group advantages. These countries are geographically dispersed, with superior resource endowments and unique strategic value. They have abundant diplomatic resources and diverse cooperation paths, enhancing organizational diversity and international connections. However, most non Arab Islamic countries have weaker national strength and lower GDP rankings, making it difficult to afford membership fees and organize activities, resulting in financial difficulties and low operational capacity. These countries have limited willingness to enhance their discourse power and provide public goods, and their weak material resources limit their power within organizations.

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International organizations are established by sovereign states to safeguard their own interests, and their operating rules are determined by the sources of power of member states. The state expands its power in international organizations through different strategies and modes of action. Iran's power in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation is limited by structural pressure, and it had close relations with the United States in the early days. However, after the Islamic Revolution, it distanced itself from the West, causing internal turmoil in the Islamic world. Iran criticizes the inaction of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on the Palestinian issue and opposes the readmission of Egypt. During the Iran Iraq War, Iran's relationship with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation was tense. However, with the end of the war and a shift in regional competition, Iran's diplomatic strategy shifted towards pragmatism and peace, improving its relations with the Arab world and gradually increasing its power. Iran's institutional exclusion from the Organization of Islamic Cooperation has limited its power space, but institutional participation has also become a way to enhance its power.