1 Introduction

The concept and importance of border security in Tajikistan were introduced, and the main security issues faced by the border areas between Tajikistan and neighboring countries were analyzed, including military conflicts, terrorism, drug trafficking, and armed smuggling. At the same time, it pointed out that in recent years, major international events such as the changes in Afghanistan, the "January incident" in Kazakhstan, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have had a significant impact on Tajikistan's border security situation.

New situation of border security in Tajikistan under the background of international major changes

In recent years, the border security situation in Tajikistan has been complex and volatile, especially in the border areas of Ta'a, Taji, and Ta'u. The border areas between Tajikistan and Afghanistan are facing security risks such as terrorism, drug trafficking, armed smuggling, and military conflicts. Among them, the risk of terrorism is increasing, drug smuggling is rampant, armed smuggling poses a continuous challenge, and the risk of military conflicts is increasing. There have been frequent conflicts in the Tajik border area, but with the progress of border demarcation negotiations and Russia's mediation, the conflict situation has eased. Both sides have reached an agreement on most of the borders and are expected to usher in long-term peace. The drug smuggling activities in the border area between Tajikistan and Ukraine are highly active, but the two countries have strict joint supervision and relatively low security risks. Tajikistan urgently needs to concentrate its efforts on responding to possible emergencies in the direction of Afghanistan and hopes to resolve the Tajik border issue peacefully as soon as possible. Against the backdrop of the continuous warming of relations between Tajikistan and Ukraine, the two countries have the ability to jointly ensure the basic stability of the border security situation.

Tajikistan's diplomatic measures to respond to the new situation of border security in the context of the three major international changes

Since 2021, Tajikistan has taken a series of diplomatic measures to address the new situation of border security in the context of international changes. Tajikistan has strengthened its security cooperation with Russia, including military equipment support, joint military exercises, border outpost construction, and multilateral security cooperation within the framework of the Organization for Security and Co operation in Central Asia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. At the same time, Tajikistan has also promoted the diversification of security cooperation with other countries and international organizations, signed security cooperation agreements with China, Türkiye, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Italy and other countries, and used the "Dushanbe Process" to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with the international community. In addition, Tajikistan promotes border security by strengthening economic and trade cooperation with neighboring countries, and enhances interdependence with Afghanistan and Uzbekistan through economic and trade cooperation, reducing the risk of military conflicts and non-traditional security issues such as drug smuggling. These measures in Tajikistan aim to reduce security threats and improve stability in border areas by enhancing regional cooperation and economic development.

Domestic measures taken by Tajikistan to address the new situation of border security in the context of major international changes

Since 2021, Tajikistan has taken a series of domestic measures to address the new situation of border security in the context of international changes. These measures include improving the service and living conditions of border defense forces, such as strengthening the construction of border defense facilities, enhancing transportation and power infrastructure, increasing military salaries and living conditions; Continuously eliminate internal security risks, such as anti-corruption and cracking down on the infiltration of extremist ideas; And improve the national strategic system related to border security, such as formulating drug control, combating extremism and terrorism, national defense strategies, etc. These measures aim to enhance the overall level of national border security and build a multi-level and comprehensive national border security strategic system.

5 Conclusion

Since 2021, the border security situation in Tajikistan has been complex and volatile, with a severe situation at the Tajikistan Afghanistan border and a positive situation at the Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan border. The risk of non-traditional security issues has increased, while the overall risk of traditional security issues has decreased. Tajikistan adopts a combination of internal and external response strategies, building a diversified international security cooperation network in diplomacy and consolidating border security barriers and eliminating internal security risks in domestic affairs. Tajikistan's border security faces both challenges and opportunities, with non-traditional security threats intensifying. The security challenges at the Tajikistan Afghanistan border are severe, but the strategic significance of Tajikistan's border security for Central Asian countries and actors outside the region is highlighted, providing strategic space for multi-party cooperation. Central Asian countries enhance their geographical position through "channel diplomacy" and pursue the identity of a "hub zone", providing security for the border between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Afghanistan's transition to a "hub zone" in Central Asia is crucial, and its strategic value will help Afghanistan overcome its difficulties. Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asian countries share common interests in pursuing their "hub zone" identity, and ensuring border security between Tajikistan and Afghanistan is expected to become a consensus among all parties. Tajikistan actively addresses border security issues, accumulates experience, and is expected to improve the border security situation in the future.