1 Introduction

The Russian verb думать and the Chinese verb "xiang", as basic psychological verbs, have multiple extended meanings and similar question element structures, dominance patterns, and pragmatic characteristics. This article will use the methods of Moscow Semantic School and Cognitive Linguistics for semantic comparative analysis. The Moscow Semantic School emphasizes metalinguistic interpretation and integrated description, analyzing lexical semantics through question element frameworks to reveal the connections and differences between polysemous semantic items. Cognitive linguistics believes that the semantic center is the semantic prototype, and the development of word meaning is the process of developing towards marginal semantics. Through theories such as conceptual metaphor and metonymy, it analyzes the cognitive associations and extension mechanisms between polysemous semantic items.

2 psychological verbs думать and "think"

Psychological verbs include categories such as thinking, knowledge, belief, memory, intention, and emotion. The Russian verb думать and the Chinese verb "think" both belong to the category of compound psychological verbs, covering multiple semantic categories. Psychological verbs have multiple meanings, and their semantic extensions are influenced by cognitive commonalities, such as the derivation of "think" from "think" to "think". There is a phenomenon of conversion between psychological verbs and other verbs, such as "will" and "see". The Russian word 'думать' and the Chinese word 'think' have similar meanings in terms of 'think', 'consider', 'think', 'view', and 'plan', but there are differences in other meanings. думать and "xiang" have word formation ability. Russian forms homophones by adding affixes, while Chinese forms compound words through word formation methods such as conjunction and deviation. The morphological and morphological means of Russian often correspond to syntactic means in Chinese, reflecting the language types and grammatical characteristics of the two languages.

Analysis of various meanings of 3 думать

Detailed analysis of the different meanings and semantic characteristics of the Russian verb думать. думать 1 represents the thinking process, which requires the use of indirect complements or clauses to supplement semantics. думать 2 represents consideration or concern, often used in conjunction with low-level adverbs or in negative sentences. думать 3 means to think or speculate, is a belief verb, and represents the result of thinking. думать 4 means to view, which is a belief verb developed from думать 3. думать 5 means doubt or suspicion, and is a belief verb derived from думать 3. думать 6 means intention, is a verb of intention, and represents the result of thinking. думать 7 represents pursuit or expectation, and is a verb of intention, directly derived from думать 6. Overall, the various meanings of думать are developed through mechanisms such as metonymy and metaphor based on semantic prototypes, reflecting the cognitive path from the thought process to the thought result and then to the intention.

Analysis of the Meanings of "Thinking" in Four Terms

An in-depth analysis was conducted on the various meanings of the Chinese verb 'xiang', and a comparison was made with the Russian verb 'думать'. Firstly, it should be pointed out that "think 1" (thinking) has the same semantic meaning as "думать 1", but "think 1" is a transitive verb that can directly carry an object. The original meaning of 'thinking' is' thinking out of hope ', the core element is' hope', and the meaning of 'thinking' is derivative. The semantics of 'think 2' (consider, care) and 'думать 2' are basically the same, but 'think 2' must be used in a specific structure 'for... (to) think'. 'Think 3' (think, speculate) has the same semantic meaning as' думать 3 'and belongs to the category of belief verbs. The semantic similarity between "think 4" (see, view) and "думать 4" is basic, but the use of Chinese "think 4" is very limited. 'Thinking 5' (intending) has the same semantic meaning as' думать 6 'and belongs to the category of intention verbs. 'Xiang 6' (hope) also belongs to the verb of intention, with semantics equivalent to the Russian words' x отеть '(think) and' надеяться '(hope). 'Think 7' (think about) belongs to the category of memory mental verbs, equivalent to the Russian word 'p омнить'. 'Think 8' (recall) also belongs to the category of memory mental verbs, equivalent to the Russian word 'вспомнить'. 'Thinking 9' (missing) is equivalent to скуチать in Russian, which has evolved from a memory verb to an emotional verb. In addition, the term 'думать' in both Russian and Chinese has expanded towards subjectivity and grammaticalization.

The polysemous network of "5 думать" and "thought" and its interpretation

Explored the polysemous network system of the Russian verb думать and the Chinese verb "xiang", revealing the similarities and differences in the semantic categories of psychological activities between the two. The commonalities include: the extension of word meanings does not exceed the psychological domain, cognitive association based on correlation, and conceptual metaphor as a common mechanism for word meaning extension; Both can represent thoughts, intentions, and beliefs. The difference lies in the fact that the prototype meaning of "думать" is "thinking", while the prototype meaning of "thinking" is "hope" and "plan"; 'Want' has a unique meaning of 'hope for a certain situation', while 'думать' has' pursuit 'and' doubt '; 'Think' can develop into a memory and emotional verb, representing 'miss',' recall ', and' longing ', with a wider scope than' думать '. The reasons for the differences include the influence of the vocabulary system on the development of word meanings, semantic competition between synonyms, and the richness of morphological word formation methods in Russian while lacking in Chinese. These factors work together to broaden the semantic scope of "thinking" and involve more conceptual domains.

6 Conclusion

The Russian verb думать and the Chinese verb "think" as basic psychological verbs have different prototype meanings. The former is a thinking verb, while the latter is a will verb. This article compares and analyzes the semantic structure network of these two verbs through the Moscow School of Semantics and cognitive linguistics theory. Research has found that the mechanism of semantic extension is based on cognitive associations generated by conceptual metonymy and correlations within the psychological cognitive domain. In both Russian and Chinese, these two verbs have the meanings of "think", "consider", "think", and "plan", but in Chinese, the meaning of "think" is broader and can be extended to the fields of memory and emotion. The systematicity of vocabulary, language types, and their grammatical characteristics have an impact on the derivation of word meanings.