1、 Question raised: "Immigration data" as a new concern for global immigration governance

The global migration issue, as a global challenge, affects aspects such as border control, immigration management, labor markets, and social integration. High quality immigration data is crucial for immigration decision-making, involving data collection, utilization, and protection rules. Migration data includes primary and secondary data, involving foreigners and internationally protected persons. There are differences in the understanding and goals of global migration governance data rules among different international legal entities. Sovereign countries formulate immigration data strategies based on immigration situations, while international organizations promote non rigid immigration governance, representing initiative, guidance, and foresight. Developing universally accepted immigration data rules requires more flexibility. The existing immigration data governance rules are mostly presented in the form of soft law. The 2015 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the 2016 New York Declaration on Refugees and Migration, and the 2018 Global Compact on Migration all emphasize improving the collection and classification of migration data. International organizations play an irreplaceable role in global migration data governance. This article focuses on international organizations in the field of immigration, examining their approaches and practical challenges in shaping immigration data governance rules, and providing insights for China's participation in global immigration and data governance.

2、 Sample selection of international organizations related to global migration data governance

Discussed the role and importance of international organizations in immigration data governance. With the strengthening trend of immigration flow, international organizations are paying attention to immigration rights and data protection, developing data processing principles, standards or systems, and becoming rule drivers. International organizations play an important role in political coordination, economic and social development, and international legal order, especially in global migration governance, where many rules need to be reflected through soft law adjustments by international organizations. The article defines the broad and narrow concepts of "immigration" and chooses to discuss the broad concept because it involves issues such as mobility, data processing, and rights protection that go beyond the scope of sovereign state governance. International organizations have contributed to shaping consensus on the rights and protection principles of immigrants' personal data, forming a series of soft law rules for immigration data, and providing evidence-based support for global immigration governance. International organizations related to global migration governance can be divided into two categories: organizations that directly regulate migration governance issues, such as the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; And organizations that indirectly regulate immigration data rules within their functional scope, such as the International Labour Organization, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Criminal Police Organization, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. These organizations have also established rules related to the processing and protection of immigration and refugee data in the process of fulfilling their missions. The traction effect of international organizations on global migration governance data issues is increasingly evident. To address the challenges of migration data governance, measures and suggestions are provided, and the practice of conducting migration data statistics, analysis, and judgment is constantly increasing, providing soft law path guidance for global migration data governance.

3、 Main practices of international organizations on global migration data governance rules

International organizations play a key role in global migration data governance, influencing data issues through normative documents such as guidelines, recommendations, or codes of conduct. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is one of the earliest organizations to focus on standardizing migration data, emphasizing the importance of collecting migration data and developing normative documents such as the "Data Protection Principles" and "Data Protection Handbook", which clarify 13 basic principles of legal and fair collection, data quality, consent, confidentiality, and data security. IOM places special emphasis on the regulatory dimension of highly sensitive data and requires sensitivity and risk benefit assessments to ensure that the benefits of collecting immigration data outweigh potential risks.

4、 The Promotion and Challenge of Global Migration Data Rules by International Organizations

International organizations play an important role in global migration governance, empowering global and national migration governance through innovative migration data rules. International organizations can objectively and neutrally collect, process, and apply migration data, evaluate and predict migration stocks and flows through diverse methods, making global migration governance more scientific and rational. For example, the International Organization for Migration captures population dynamics through geospatial data integration, uses mobile network operator data for immigration flow statistics, and monitors public perception and immigration integration issues through big data. International organizations promote the collection and utilization of migration data, which plays a positive role in formulating more reasonable, effective, and scientific national migration strategies and policies for countries around the world. High quality immigration data can help countries make informed decisions and prioritize, such as understanding occupational gaps through collecting data on labor force and diaspora communities.

5、 Conclusion

Digital transformation brings massive amounts of data, and a global understanding of the value of data has become important. International organizations have contributed the content of immigration data rules from different perspectives in promoting global migration governance, including basic processing principles, rights and obligations, transmission and sharing standards, accountability remedies, etc. International organizations have a global and neutral role in global migration governance, which helps to form an international consensus on migration data rules. Immigration rule of law is an important part of the country's foreign-related rule of law construction, and "immigration data" has become a key issue in the digital age. China should effectively utilize immigration data and combine new and traditional data sources to enhance the evidence-based foundation of immigration governance. The establishment of the National Immigration Administration has strengthened overall coordination, but there is still a need to clarify intergovernmental relations. Establishing a mechanism for coordinating immigration data is a way to address inter ministerial coordination issues and ensure the functioning of immigration services. The construction of immigration data rules serves the construction of domestic and international immigration governance systems. International organizations have become the driving force behind global migration data rules. China should actively participate in the formulation of data rules by international organizations, strengthen talent cultivation, enhance collaborative governance of migration data through international organization platforms, promote modernization of migration management, enhance its voice in the formulation of global migration governance rules, and address global migration challenges.