1、 Introduction

The quality of basic education in Russia ranks among the top ten globally, despite facing Western sanctions and economic and social pressures, education investment and development have not been affected. Russia has established an independent and sound national unified education quality evaluation system, including indicators such as vocational guidance, educational work, education quality evaluation, and teacher quality evaluation. Through a comprehensive ranking mechanism, regions and schools are evaluated and ranked with the aim of conducting in-depth analysis of difficulties and problems, providing data support and improvement directions for educational organizations at all levels, ensuring the uniformity of educational space and the continuity of educational curricula.

2、 Basic education (Общеобразование)

The core goal of basic education in Russia is to promote the comprehensive development of individuals, enabling students to acquire necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities through curriculum learning. Russian students have demonstrated outstanding performance in international Olympic competitions, particularly in natural science subjects. Russia has explored various aspects within the basic education system, including preschool education, digital education, artificial intelligence, moral education, vocational guidance, special education, and characteristic schools.

3、 Supplementary education

Supplementary education in Russia is an important component of basic education and has received national attention and rapid development in recent years. The Education Law of the Russian Federation clearly states that the purpose of supplementary education is to ensure that young people adapt to social life, guide career orientation, and discover and cultivate outstanding talents. In 2017, Russia listed supplementary education as one of its priority development projects in education, enhancing its position in the education system. Supplementary education for Russian youth is mainly provided free of charge by the state. Putin emphasized the need to ensure state investment in supplementary education and allocate special funds to establish specialized institutions. Russia has introduced a series of supporting policies, systems, and laws to guide specific actions. The central government has allocated more funds to vigorously develop supplementary education, enhance the social participation of young people, cultivate patriotism, stimulate love for technology, art, and sports, support personalized development, and cultivate innovative talents. The government coordinates multiple departments to take unified actions to ensure the comprehensive improvement of the abilities of young people. The Russian government has issued relevant orders to ensure the quality and coverage of supplementary education for young people. According to statistics, 84.3% of teenagers aged 5 to 18 will receive supplementary education in 2023, and the participation rate of special needs teenagers will reach 23.7%. Children can choose various extracurricular interest classes in the fields of humanities and natural sciences according to their own interests. Within the framework of the national project "Education", the government has established natural science education centers in every school in Russia, such as "IT - Cube "and" Quantum Smart Home "provide diversified technology courses for students to learn programming, mobile device application development, virtual and augmented reality technology, as well as programming robots. Russia has a national supplementary education institution that provides methodological guidance and policy guarantees for supplementary education. Through the implementation of different projects and plans, children's extracurricular activities are enriched, such as the" Russian Eagle "plan, diversified clubs, and the" Pioneer Movement "primary branch, cultivating patriotism and sense of responsibility, honing willpower, and cultivating teamwork spirit. Sports activities in primary and secondary schools are an important part of supplementary education in Russia, which are effectively guaranteed and implemented through legislative means The main revision is to establish a Youth Early Sports Development Center, which aims to help young people acquire knowledge, skills, and abilities in the field of sports through physical education and training, improve their physical fitness, cultivate healthy lifestyles, and protect and enhance their health. The Education Law of the Russian Federation has correspondingly added the establishment of early childhood sports development centers, which carry out sports activities in the fields of preschool education and/or basic education, actively discover young people with sports talents, and develop their sports and athletic abilities. Discovering and cultivating talented young people is an important mission of supplementary education. The "Genius and Achievement" Education Fund is responsible for early detection, cultivation, and support of outstanding young talents in fields such as art, sports, natural sciences, and technological innovation. In June 2015, at the initiative of Putin, a new youth supplementary education institution called "Sirius" Education Center was established. Talented young people from all over Russia have the opportunity to participate in a 24 day intensive learning program with outstanding talents and professionals in sports, physics, mathematics, music, dance, and other fields from various schools. Adolescent recuperation is also an important component of supplementary education. The All Russian Youth Center "Eagles", "Successors", and "Oceans" are open to young people for free and undertake various educational projects, including art, science and technology, natural sciences, sports, tourism, and local chronicles. In addition, the center is also responsible for receiving foreign teenagers. The significance of youth centers is not only to care about health, but also to care about education, and most importantly, to stimulate children's interest.

4、 Vocational education

In the Russian education system, about 60% of 9th grade students choose vocational education, with a student population of 3.71 million and undertaken by 3572 professional institutions. The vocational education curriculum is deeply integrated with practical operations, and the employment rate of graduates reaches 80%. The government has implemented the "Creative Industry Talent Training in Vocational Education" project, covering cutting-edge fields such as music production and computer graphics, with a 55.1% increase in student numbers. The government has approved the "Outline for the Development of Creative Industries by 2030", aiming to increase the proportion of creative industries in the economy to 6% and expand the proportion of citizens engaged in creative professions to 15%. Russia has launched a "craftsman" training program, establishing an educational program for vocational colleges and enterprises to cooperate. Enterprises participate in student education activities, provide scholarships and career counseling, and students sign targeted contracts, promising service periods. The project focuses on cultivating professional skilled talents in 24 fields, covering 79 federal entities, over 1210 vocational schools, creating 370 industry education centers, and absorbing 1.35 million students. Russia continues to reform vocational education, optimize management models, update educational content, strengthen teacher training, and improve regulatory mechanisms.

5、 International Education Cooperation

Russia has accumulated rich experience in the field of education and is willing to share it with other countries and jointly develop educational and teaching plans. Russia has promoted education through the "Russian Teachers Abroad" project, which has been extended to 13 countries, including China. The number of expatriate teachers has been increasing year by year, and the subjects have been expanded from Russian to other subjects, benefiting 43000 students. Another project, "The Power of Wisdom," teaches physics and mathematics in high schools in partner countries to stimulate foreign students' interest in Russian education and plans to build a unified education platform. Russia has deepened educational exchanges and cooperation with friendly countries, establishing 67 Russian language education and teaching centers in 53 countries, providing textbooks and teaching equipment, cultivating Olympic competition talents, improving teacher quality, and creating conditions for students from partner countries to study in Russia. The education cooperation between China and Russia includes higher education cooperation, student exchange, language learning, and other aspects. Universities and educational institutions of the two countries have signed multiple cooperation agreements, and a large number of students are studying in each other's countries. Both countries' universities offer language courses for each other, and the number of learners is large. The two countries have also introduced language proficiency examination mechanisms and established examination centers for each other. In the future, China and Russia will continue to deepen education cooperation, promote cooperation in higher education, technological innovation, two-way study abroad, language teaching and other fields, create new cooperation brand projects, and lay the foundation for friendship and mutual trust between the two countries.

6、 Enlightenment from the Development of Education in Russia

The chapter on the enlightenment of Russian education development emphasizes the successful practices of Russia in the entire process of preschool education, vocational guidance, supplementary education, and government participation in education. Russia guarantees the universality and free nature of preschool education through laws, emphasizes the comprehensive development of children, especially the cultivation of non intellectual factors, and attaches great importance to family education. In terms of career guidance, Russia has started from the basic education stage, using multidimensional and systematic career guidance strategies to help students early recognize and experience the latest achievements in the field of technology, and prepare for career planning. In terms of supplementary education, Russian laws and regulations clearly guarantee the independent status of supplementary education, emphasize the cultivation of individual comprehensive qualities, and have a specialized system for training supplementary education teachers. The government participates in the entire process of education, implementing a series of policies, laws, and projects to achieve full coverage of education at all stages and build a comprehensive national unified education space. In contrast, there are shortcomings in preschool education, vocational guidance, and supplementary education in China. Efforts need to be made to raise awareness, improve legislation, coordinate planning, and increase investment, establish a unified education space for coordinated development, and comprehensively improve the overall education level and talent cultivation quality in China.

7、 Conclusion

Russian education has made significant achievements in multiple fields, improving education levels through policies and projects, accumulating valuable experience, contributing to global education development, and providing reference value for China's education development. In the future, Russia will continue to promote educational innovation, cooperation, and system improvement to address future challenges.