1 Introduction

The Republic of Montenegro is located in the Balkan Peninsula and actively built its national and cultural identity after gaining independence in 2006. Language plays a crucial role in the construction of nation states, and the Montenegrin government consolidates its national status by establishing language identity. In 2007, Montenegrin was designated as an official language, and in 2017, it obtained the International Organization for Standardization code, marking its international recognition of its independent language identity and official language status. However, the establishment of the official language status did not end the language issue, and the controversy shifted towards language standardization. The change in language policy in Montenegro shows that the influence of radical advocates for ethnic language reform has increased. Their advocacy has a tendency towards linguistic nationalism, using language to consolidate national consciousness and establish or consolidate a nation-state.

The Construction of Montenegrin Language Identity under the Dominance of 2-Language Nationalism

Explored the language identity construction of Montenegro under the influence of linguistic nationalism. Language is not only a tool for communication and cultural inheritance, but also a symbol of national and ethnic identity. Language nationalism promotes nationalist movements and national independence by maintaining one's own language and rejecting external influences. The linguistic nationalism movement in Montenegro has undergone a transition from a "divisive" to an "integrative" approach, emphasizing language differences and the independence of official languages to construct national identity.

3 Language Planning in Montenegro

In depth exploration of the two main aspects of language planning in Montenegro: status planning and ontology planning. Status planning focuses on the position of language in social communication, achieved through political power. The legal status of Black Mountain language has undergone an evolution from Serbian Croatian language to the "Iye" dialect of Serbian language, and ultimately to Black Mountain language, reflecting the development of linguistic nationalism. Ontology planning involves the standardization and normalization of language and writing, including orthography, grammar, and dictionary compilation. Montenegro's reforms in the alphabet and orthography, such as the introduction of new letters ś and ź, and the promulgation of the Montenegrin Language Orthography, reflect the pursuit of linguistic purity. The publication of 'Montenegrin Grammar' attempts to emphasize the differences with Serbian, although there is controversy. The compilation of the "Great Dictionary of Montenegrin National Languages and Literary Languages" has sparked conflicts over linguistic nationalism and political interests, particularly the controversy over the entry for "Albanization". These planning activities not only reflect the nationalist characteristics of the Montenegrin language, but also reveal the important role of language planning in national identity and nation building.

4 Conclusion

The linguistic nationalism ideas of Herder and Fichte have had a profound impact on the language planning of Montenegro, emphasizing language as the core of national identity. The Republic of Montenegro regards Montenegrin as an important symbol of national identity and strengthens this identity through language planning. Language nationalists advocate for widening language differences, constructing a 'pure language', and pursuing ideological and political rights. In recent years, radicals have gradually taken the lead in language planning, holding the "coding power" of standard languages. However, the historical connections and cultural entanglements between Black Mountain language and surrounding languages have led language nationalists to attempt to separate historical states and construct the "independence" and "purity" of language. Although the official language has been officially recognized, language standardization has not been unanimously accepted by the whole society. The measures of creating new letters, imitating antiquity, and copying grammar are not fully compatible with the reality of language life. The lack of communication and cooperation among government departments, academic institutions, and cultural organizations in language policies has made it difficult to promote language standardization. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the common cultural identity of the southern Slavic ethnic group faded, and language, culture, and traditional customs began to differentiate. Under the dominance of linguistic nationalism, the construction and planning of Montenegrin language identity may continue to develop in a radical direction.