1 Introduction

Myanmar's language policy shapes language order through laws and policies, influencing the language dynamics between different ethnic groups. The national language policy determines the teaching language and legal status, forming strong and weak languages. The language and cultural adaptability of cross-border immigrant groups is influenced by language policies and ethnic policies. The study divides adaptation outcomes into four states: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. The adaptation process of mainstream cultural groups to non mainstream cultural groups forms multiculturalism, melting pot ism, isolationism, and exclusivism. The interactive cultural adaptation model emphasizes the influence of mainstream cultural strategies, considering factors such as immigrants' cultural adaptation orientation, mainstream group attitudes, interpersonal and intergroup relationships. This study explores the types, development changes, and trends of Chinese language inheritance models in Myanmar, and analyzes the adaptability of Chinese Burmese language and culture among Chinese immigrant groups. The national lingua franca of Myanmar, Burmese, and Mandarin, have formed different language hierarchy sequences. The relationship between Chinese and Burmese language and culture presents types such as coexistence, competition, integration, and assimilation, which are influenced by Myanmar's national language policy on the Chinese community. The study sorted out language policies in different historical periods of Myanmar and explored the relationship between language policies and the adaptability of Chinese language and culture. The data and interview content were obtained from the author's investigation and relevant literature.

Myanmar's National Language Policy

Myanmar is a multilingual country, and its language policies have undergone significant changes throughout history. During the feudal dynasty, Burmese became the common language, while during the British colonial period, English became the official language, and the status of Burmese declined. During the Wu Nu government period, Burmese was designated as the official language, while the status of English declined and the status of minority languages also declined. During the Ne Win government period, the status of Burmese language was elevated, the usage rate of English decreased, and education in minority languages was restricted. During the military government period, the status of Burmese language was further consolidated, and the education of minority languages was restricted. English was once again valued. The new constitution of 2008 stipulates the free use and development of languages of all ethnic groups, but minority languages have not received sufficient support. The language policy in Myanmar has had an impact on the adaptability of Chinese language and culture, causing Mandarin to shift from a dominant language to a weaker language.

3 Myanmar's Chinese Language Policy

The Chinese language policy in Myanmar has undergone multiple changes, and since the late 19th century during the British colonial period, Chinese education has not been restricted, laying the foundation for later development. From the beginning of the 20th century to before World War II, Chinese language education flourished and formed a complete education system. During World War II, Chinese schools were closed, and although the Wu Nu government had restrictions after the war, their implementation was lenient. In 1962, the Ne Win government strictly restricted Chinese language education. In 1965, private schools were nationalized and Chinese language education became informal. After the anti China incident in 1967, Chinese language education was completely banned. After 1981, the North Myanmar Chinese School resumed teaching Buddhist scriptures under the guise of teaching. In 1984, the Private Professional Study Class Law allowed language tutoring classes to be legal. After 1988, the Myanmar government adjusted its policies and taught Chinese language education in the form of Buddhist textbooks in temples. In 2000, the President of Myanmar proposed a plan to improve the level of education, which provided new development space for Chinese language education. The enthusiasm of Burmese Chinese to learn Mandarin was high, and the Chinese language education industry developed rapidly.

The current situation and characteristics of adaptability of Chinese Burmese language and culture

The current situation of language and cultural adaptability among Burmese Chinese is reflected in a high degree of identification with Burmese language and culture, especially among the younger generation, where language assimilation is evident. Although the older generation of Chinese may have resistance, they are gradually accepting it. The degree of language and cultural assimilation among Chinese in Myanmar has deepened, facing a trend of whole ethnic Burmese assimilation, with convergence in language, customs, religious beliefs, ethnic intermarriage, and other aspects. The assimilation characteristics of Chinese language and culture in Myanmar include two assimilation chains, natural assimilation and forced assimilation. The formation of assimilation chains is influenced by three factors: national language policies, Chinese national character, and language values. The national language policy is the decisive factor, the Chinese national character is the psychological foundation, and the Chinese language values are the subjective conditions. Chinese in Myanmar make choices between language material and spiritual values, with the participation of national will to accelerate the pace of these choices, ultimately leading to the assimilation of language and culture.

5 Conclusion

The language policy in Myanmar is a key factor in the formation of the Chinese assimilation chain, affecting the speed of assimilation. The inheritance of Burmese Mandarin has shown a revival in the trend of assimilation, with both material and spiritual needs working together. The material and spiritual values of cross-border ethnic groups can be balanced, and becoming bilingual or multilingual is an ideal choice. To achieve this balance, certain conditions must be met, including the economic development and diplomatic relations of the ancestral country. The economic strength of the ancestral country plays a supportive role in the inheritance of Chinese language and culture. When formulating ethnic language policies, consideration should be given to ethnic characteristics and strategies should be adopted to adapt to the situation.