Explored the conflict between viewing desire (Schaulust) and social rules, pointing out that the use and influence of visual media are its root cause. The development of visual media in the 19th century made bystander behavior seen as evidence that public emotions were easily manipulated. The word 'badaud' in French reflects the passive consumption of visual spectacles by bystanders. Although modern media theory discusses the active participants in the Internet era, the criticism of passive consumption of information in visual media still exists. The article will analyze the bystander behavior and its theoretical framework in the digital media era, and explore the historical dimension of viewing desire by combining media skepticism from the 18th to 19th centuries. The dissolution of social distance and the deconstruction of viewing rules have revealed the duality of bystanders.

1、 Collapse of viewing distance

The desire to watch is a complex emotion that not only stems from reference to things, but is also influenced by social norms and taboos. James Elkins believed that watching activates a range of emotions such as desire, possession, and power. The word Schaulust in German implies a connection between viewing and voyeuristic desires. Freud viewed bystanders as a symptom of disrupted desire mechanisms, while Fenicher explained it as an "integration" into the space of the other. In modern society, the rise of voyeurism and social media has blurred the boundary between viewing desire and social participation. Digital media culture exacerbates the excessive and pathological bystander behavior, with social media and news channels creating click through rates through images and videos, while also creating an illusion of consumer participation in social life. This behavior pattern ignores the distance rules in social life and invades private spaces. Han Bingzhe regards the collapse of social distance as a core feature of digital media society, believing that it has led to the decline of public life. However, social networks also enable individuals to participate in others' lives by sharing details of their lives, although this may lead to an illusionary control over others' lives. The desire to watch is not only an emotion driven within an individual, but also an important role in the social public context. Social networks not only shape individual viewing behavior, but also influence social behavior through these behaviors, disrupting or breaking the rules of social coexistence.

2、 Observant History of Pathology

Explored the discussion history of emotional and moral issues when visual media emerged. Hitchcock's film "The Back Window" showcases the audience's sensory desires and intellectual stimulation through the protagonist's voyeuristic behavior, while also revealing the moral controversies surrounding voyeurism. Sociology and media theory focus on the impact of media consumption on individual psychology and society, but the view that mass media manipulates bystanders is still widespread. Since drama became the primary medium in 1800, the audience's desire to observe and passive tendencies have been seen as morally corrupt. The illustrated newspapers of the mid-19th century and the films of the early 20th century both sparked controversy over the desire of viewers to observe. The desire to observe is believed to make individuals addicted to visual wonders, lose rational distance and moral judgment ability, and lead to the loss of social behavior ability. Although the desire to observe has therapeutic effects, it is more often seen as a manifestation of a lack of social behavioral ability and a pathological phenomenon. The cultural devaluation of the desire to observe goes beyond individual judgments and becomes a discourse of exclusionary mechanisms. Lancier believes that the rejection of the desire to observe is part of the modern media society's emotional distribution system, by devaluing the legitimacy of the desire to observe and excluding it from the self understanding of social groups. The desire to observe is labeled as passive and unconscious, which violates social consensus and raises the issue of value judgment on emotional distribution.

3、 Conspiracy: Spectacular Behavior in the 19th and 20th Centuries

In the era of digital media, audience attention has become the focus of competition among technology companies, advertising industry, and political propaganda. Quan Xiqing regards "onlookers" as a symbol of digital perception culture, drawing on Benjamin's distinction between wanderers and bystanders, and believes that in the big data environment, users are more like uncritical badaud. In the online world, individual behavior leaves data traces, presenting virtual visibility and questioning social institutions. The phenomenon of onlookers has the potential for conflict in public spaces, and advertisements satisfy the desire to observe through sensory stimulation and purchase spectator time. Individuals are limited and influenced in social public spaces, and bystanders in the context of big data are relatively passive, participating in shaping social public spaces and themselves. The desire to watch has duality, as it is both a manifestation of individual sensory desires and a behavior of participating in society. As an intermediary between individuals and social space, bystanders constitute the dynamic changes and potential conflicts of social public space, which has reference value for understanding individuals' voyeuristic and participatory behaviors towards public opinion hotspots in social media.