1、 Differences in Form and Structure and Traditional Perspectives

The morphological structure of Pashto possessive pronouns varies significantly among different dialects, with the central dialect adopting an analytic structure, while other dialects use a composite structure for first and second person possessive pronouns. The traditional view is that this difference stems from phonetic changes, where di/d ǝ becomes z/s - in Eastern dialects. Scholars such as Griyunberg, Tegey, and Robertson all support this view, believing that z/s - is a variant of the preposition di/d ǝ. Che Hongcai and Zhang Min also pointed out in "Basic Grammar of Pashto Language" that possessive pronouns are composed of prepositions di/d ǝ and personal pronouns, and undergo phonetic changes during the combination process. The Pashto Chinese Dictionary interprets zm ā as a variant of the indirect case m ā of z ǝ and the preposition di/d ǝ. David believes that d ǝ becomes a fricative sound in the first and second person. As a part of the Iranian language family in the Indo European language family, the structural characteristics and development trajectory of the possessive and possessive pronouns in Pashto deserve further research.

2、 The morphological and structural characteristics of possessive forms in Indo European languages

The affiliation of Indo European languages is mainly expressed through nouns and pronouns, using two methods: synthesis and analysis. The possessive form of nouns in modern Pashto is represented by an analytic structure guided by the preposition di/d ǝ, which is not an inherent phenomenon in the Iranian or Indo European language families. Proto Indo European and other ancient Indo European languages express their affiliation through the genus system in the morphological case system. The possessive expressions of nouns in modern Indo European languages include possessive form suffixes and prepositional/prepositional guided analytic structures. Campbell's compensation theory states that semantics remain constant while expressions constantly change. When the morphological case system of a language disappears or its function shrinks, the use of prepositions expands to replace the role of the case system.

3、 Some issues with traditional viewpoints

The traditional view of the prefix di/d ǝ u003ez/s - for first and second person possessive pronouns in Pashto has been questioned. The traditional view is that z/s - is a variant of the preposition di/d ǝ in the eastern dialect of Pashto, while the central dialect retains its original form. This viewpoint is based on phonetic and morphological similarities, such as the similarity of d and z phonemes and the possibility of consonant alternation, as well as phenomena such as lexical affixation, preposition and personal pronoun condensation. However, the author points out that there are doubts about this viewpoint, such as the fact that d-z alternation is not a regular consonant alternation in Pashto and is limited to the word di/d ǝ. In addition, morphologically, when Indo European interlayers/prepositions are condensed with personal pronouns, the stem consonants do not change, while in Eastern Pashto dialects, di/d ǝ is abruptly converted to z/s - after condensing with personal pronouns. Therefore, the author believes that traditional theories have problems in both phonetics and morphology, and attempts to propose new explanations in the next chapter.

4、 Possible relationship between di/d ǝ and z/s -

Explored the possible relationship between di/d ǝ and z/s prefix in Pashto, and pointed out that traditional views may confuse sound variation and analogy. By analyzing the analogical phenomena in Indo European, Germanic, Slavic, Indo Iranian, Anatolian, Turro, and Altaic language families, the author believes that the transformation of di/d ǝ u003ez/s - in Pashto is more likely the result of analogical effects rather than phonetic changes. The new element di/d ǝ has expanded its usage in central dialects, replacing the original z/s prefix and making the system of Pashto more unified.

5、 Possible sources of the prefix z/s for first and second person possessive pronouns in non central Pashto dialects

The origin of the prefix z/s - for first and second person possessive pronouns in non central Pashto dialects is discussed in depth in this chapter. The traditional view holds that z - originates from di/d ǝ, but lacks systematic phonetic alternation support, thus this view is questioned. Z/S is not inherent in the Indo European language family, but has emerged in historical evolution. The prepositions az and z - in Tajik may seem related, but historical phonetics does not support their homology. The accusative prefix z - in classical Armenian may be related to z/s - in Pashto, but it has disappeared in modern Armenian. There are several views on the origin of z/s -: one is the origin theory of demonstrative pronouns, which suggests that z - may have originated from demonstrative pronouns such as the Sanskrit word 'tya'; The second theory is the origin of prepositions, which suggests that the z - in ancient Armenian comes from the preposition z. In addition, the indirect case form of personal pronouns in Pashto may have evolved from the possessive form, which is closely related to the possessive form of Proto Indo European languages. Although Pashto does not have an independent genitive case, its nouns are related to the genitive form of Proto Indo European languages. In modern Indo European languages, the combination of demonstrative pronouns and definite articles derived from demonstrative pronouns with possessive pronouns is very common. The conversion function of the ancient Armenian object case prefix z - in Pashto is entirely possible, and the phenomenon of the same affix or preposition dominating different cases in cognate languages is very common in world languages.

6、 Conclusion

The traditional view of the Pashto possessive pronoun prefix di/d ǝ u003ez/s - lacks diachronic phonetics support and cannot prove the homology between the non central dialect prefix z/s - and the central dialect di/d ǝ; Its evolutionary direction violates the principle of morphological analogy and lacks persuasiveness. The possessive pronouns in the central dialects use the possessive preposition di/d ǝ, while the z/s prefix in non central dialects is a preserved non Indo European ancient form.