Calvino's late works focused on the writing of 'things', showcasing a profound interest in them through works such as' Palomar', 'The Sand Collection', and 'The Written and Untitled World'. He gained insight into the elimination of the boundary between subject and object in the Western literary world through Sartre's writings, gradually realizing the limitations of anthropocentrism. In "Cosmic Wonders" and "The Forgotten Knight," Calvino explores the boundaries between humans and objects, and in his later works, he further deepens his focus on objects. The description of natural objects in "The Sand Collection" and the phenomenological representation of the world of objects in "Palomar" both reflect his obsession with objects. Calvino's works construct a region of mutual proximity and prosperity between the boundaries of humans and objects, providing creative tools for deconstructing anthropocentrism and essentialism. His works are not only valuable in the field of ecological criticism, but also of great significance for exploring materiality in the context of the "turn of things" in the Western critical community. This article analyzes Palomar's vision and explores how Calvino, through the activity of "seeing," hides people's subjective experiences, promotes the subjectivity of things, pursues the essence of things, and reconstructs the relationship between consciousness and the world of things, language and the world of things.

1、 The boundary between people and "things": Palomar is a point

This article delves into the writing and essence of "objects" in Calvino's late works, and reveals the author's redefinition of the boundary between subject and object by analyzing the image of the protagonist Mr. Palomar in the novel "Palomar". Mr. Palomar is depicted as a character with strong visual abilities but obsessed with everyday small things. His image is greatly simplified in the novel, almost devoid of physical form, symbolizing a viewing point. He attempted to reduce his connection with the external world, control his senses, and "read the world" in a non-verbal way, reflecting the characteristics of phenomenology. Through the image of Palomar, Calvino transcended the traditional binary opposition between subject and object, challenged Western rational thinking, and explored a new relationship between literature and the world. Palomar's aphasia and silence indicate the deconstruction of language centers, pointing to a cognitive approach that transcends language. Calvino's exploration aims to reconstruct the connection between consciousness and the world, seeking a more fundamental worldview.

2、 Viewing Method of "Things": Intuitive View of the Universe

In Calvino's late works, vision became the key to reconstructing consciousness, the relationship between text and "things". The American Speech emphasizes the importance of "visibility," and in later works, "viewing" becomes the core of exploring the meaning and essence of the world. Calvino's understanding of "seeing" has changed over time, from the "intense search" in "A Day of the Scrooge" to the pure "watching" in "Palomar," reflecting a shift from a social person to a viewing point. Mr. Palomar's viewing activity aims to reduce subjective judgments and external interference, adopt a cosmic perspective, and attempt to harmonize with all things in the universe. Calvino evades subjectivity through a cosmic perspective and is skeptical of human rationality and planning abilities. Palomar's viewing method is based on phenomenological reductionism, which involves directly observing and recording "objects" through vision, and then elevating it to a theoretical level. Calvino attempted to summarize methods from practical observation, elevating the technique of reproducing "things" to a theoretical level and seeking simple mechanisms for complex worlds. However, there are contradictions within Calvino's ideas, which are both anti rational and anti subjectivity, and cannot escape from rationalism and scientism. This contradiction is reflected in Mr. Palomar's description of the world and his vision of order.

3、 The Reproduction of 'Things': Things and their Properties

In depth exploration of the representation and essence of "things" in Calvino's late works. By analyzing the relationship between cheese and customers in "Palomar Shopping" and Mr. Palomar's observation of Mars through a telescope, the ectopic relationship between objects and subjects is revealed, emphasizing the subjectivity of objects. Calvino attempted to break the traditional literary perspective centered on people through this description, placing objects at the center of narration and thus subverting the traditional literary view. Rosa's comment pointed out that Calvino attempted to showcase himself in the unwritten world, pointing to the world of long neglected things. Mr. Palomar's relationship with objects is interdependent, with the aim of reproducing objects rather than possessing them, indicating the subjectivity of objects. Calvino promoted the idea of animism through the representation of "things", believing that things can escape from humans to gain freedom, interact with each other to obtain sociality, and reside poetically between heaven and earth. In addition, the objects in Calvino's works are not static and independent, but are interconnected and influence each other, forming a network of relationships with independent space and vitality. The vitality of self generation and self transformation of things echoes the viewpoint of new materialism, emphasizing the intrinsic motivation of things and the multidimensional interconnected system. Calvino's experimental writing brought the subjectivity and vitality of objects to the forefront, providing new perspectives and possibilities for literary creation.

4、 Literature and Physics: The Death of Palomar

Calvino explores the writing and essence of 'things' through the protagonist's viewing activities in' The Death of Palomar '. He attempted to deconstruct the subjectivity of the viewer, abandoning linguistic centrism and simplifying Palomar's existence as a viewing point. From an anti experiential and anti knowledge perspective, he deconstructed Western logocentrism, reconstructed the position of "things", and redefined materiality. However, this attempt was not smooth sailing, as Palomar encountered failures while watching the waves, women's breasts, and Parisian cheese, indicating that he could not completely shake off his subjectivity. In the novel, Palomar finally realizes that he cannot transcend himself to recognize anything outside of himself. The universe is a mirror that can only reflect what is known. His death symbolizes the collapse of the visual and conscious cognitive system, marking the transcendence of Calvino's "thing" writing. Compared with Heidegger's theory of things, Calvino emphasizes the independent existence of "things" and believes that only by being detached from human reference can "things" acquire their own characteristics. At the end of the novel, Calvino changes his perspective, abandons active viewing, and returns the initiative to the "object", allowing Palomar to return to the world of the "object" through symbolic death.

Conclusion: The Aesthetic Origin and Significance of the Writing of "Things" in Palomar

Calvino's late works deconstructed the traditional binary opposition relationship through the image of Palomar, reconstructed the position of objects, pursued the essence of objects, and reflected the new materialist ideology. The aesthetic sources of its "object" writing include phenomenology, traditional Italian philosophy, and fairy tales. In Palomar, Calvino employs phenomenological techniques to create a new literary style, using simple and precise language to depict the world of objects, weakening the plot, and using estrangement and listing techniques to give the novel a prose like character. This narrative strategy has received attention from critics of new materialism. Calvino's writing of "things" also reflects his critical attitude towards social history, criticizing the chaos of the living world through Palomar. From the perspective of intellectual history, Calvino keenly sensed the trend of the "turn of things" in the Western intellectual world. The shaping of Palomar's image is a cross temporal dialogue between Calvino and Heidegger, and his post death world of "things" carries the shining points of new materialistic thinkers. Calvino's "things" break free from the referents of subjectivity, metaphysics, and humanity, returning to "free" things, lonely things, and absolute things, declaring the autonomy of things, and deconstructing the literary world formed in the West around human experience. Calvino made special contributions to the exploration of "things" at the levels of poetics, history, and intellectual history. The portrayal of Palomar is Calvino's innovation in novel techniques, exploring the relationship between literature, philosophy, and the world of life. It is a clash of ideas between Calvino and European thinkers, and the entire novel shines with the light of speculation.