The construction of the Middle East Railway in the 1920s and 1930s attracted a large number of Russian expatriates to Northeast China, especially Harbin. After the Soviet Russian Civil War, many "White Russian expatriates" stayed in Northeast China, seeking anti communist ideology. Fascism, with its anti communist image, has attracted many Russian overseas believers. About 15 Russian overseas political organizations are named "Fascism" or "National Revolution", with a total of more than 40000 people. The establishment of military departments within these organizations for active military activities has become their most distinctive feature.

1、 The emergence of fascist organizations among Russian expatriates in China

In the 1920s and 1930s, multiple fascist organizations of Russian expatriates emerged within China, and there was controversy over their origins and leaders. Most researchers believe that the "Russian Fascist Organization" established in Harbin in 1925 was the earliest Russian overseas fascist organization, founded by Russian overseas university students and mainly funded by Russian overseas student Melkulov. The organization initially operated at Harbin Russian Overseas High School and later expanded to the Middle East Railway line. By 1927, it had a size of about 1000 people and began to create "guerrilla forces" sent to the Soviet Union. The Russian overseas newspaper 'Our Road' played an important role in spreading fascism and established multiple branches.

2、 The militarized organizational structure of the Russian Fascist Party

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Russian Fascist Party established a rigorous militarized organizational structure among Chinese and Russian overseas Chinese. In 1932, the party established a hierarchical party organization, including branches, general branches, regional departments, sub branches, district departments, etc., with the highest body being the party congress. The congress is held every two years to elect party leaders and the Supreme Committee. The Central Committee has nine main departments, including the Organization and Guidance Department, the Statistics Department, the Statistics Department, the Monitoring Department, the Intelligence Department, the Counterintelligence Department, the Military Department, the Domestic Department, and the Planning Department, responsible for different functions. Members of the Russian Fascist Party are divided into supporters, probationary members, regular members, and active members, and each identity transition must undergo political reliability review. The core members are full party members, while the activists are higher level party members. They receive more technical training, and are sent to the Soviet Union to create branches, collect intelligence and carry out terrorist activities.

3、 Military activities of the Russian Fascist Party

Detailed description of the direct military confrontation between Japan and the Soviet Union in the early 1930s, as Japan occupied the three northeastern provinces of China, and the Soviet Union strengthened its military defense system in the Far East to protect its eastern flank. At the same time, Japan continued to create incidents and exclude the Soviet Union's influence along the Middle East railway line. The Soviet government began negotiating the sale of the Middle East Railway with Japan in May 1933, and signed the "Soviet Manchuria Agreement on the Transfer of the Middle East Railway" in March 1935, in order to strengthen peace in the Far East. However, this approach harmed China's rights and failed to eliminate Japan's threat to the eastern flank of the Soviet Union.

4、 Conclusion

In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism gained widespread support among Russian expatriates in Harbin, China, especially among the White Russian diaspora. Under the guidance of fascist theory, Russian fascist elements established a unified political party in an attempt to overthrow the Soviet system. They established a hierarchical organizational structure, focused on military training, and carried out subversive activities. The Russian Overseas Fascist Party is more pragmatic and proactive in ideology and action than other Russian overseas organizations. The party incited anti Soviet sentiment and carried out anti communist propaganda through distributing leaflets, preaching, and other means. After its official establishment in 1931, the focus of activities was determined to mobilize overseas Chinese, study the Soviet Union, and dispatch personnel. Following the example of the Italian Black Shirt Army, members are required to wear swastika armbands to attract young expatriates. The fascist party of Russian expatriates is reflected in music, poetry, and literary works, but with the exposure of their evil deeds, it has caused resentment among overseas Chinese. At the end of World War II, the party mainly served the Japanese Kwantung Army and had limited independent activities. The rise and activities of fascist organizations among Russian expatriates are a response to a special historical period and a result of the evolution of fascist ideology.