1. Introduction

Translation is a cultural act of cross-linguistic knowledge processing, reconstruction, and dissemination, aimed at presenting new knowledge systems and promoting the renewal of knowledge and ideas. Knowledge translation must respect the construction and narrative methods of knowledge, preserving its content, structure, and characteristics through transplantation. The dissemination process is complex and multifaceted, requiring translators to analyze, organize, and filter knowledge structures and forms based on communication objectives and needs to formulate adaptive translation strategies. Essentials of Teaching Methods for Various Subjects is the first systematic monograph on teaching methods in modern China. Bai Zuolin translated it into Chinese based on the needs of China's educational reform, employing transplantation to reproduce the original terminology, conceptual logic, and knowledge system. At the same time, addressing differences in language, culture, and social development between China and Japan, he adapted the translation through substitution, addition, and omission to fully Sinicize the knowledge system.

2. Transplantation: Knowledge Inheritance Driven by Communication Objectives

The discussion highlights the importance of knowledge translation in cross-cultural communication and emphasizes the necessity of preserving the original knowledge structure and narrative methods during dissemination. Through the translation practice of Essentials of Teaching Methods for Various Subjects, it demonstrates how the "transplantation approach" can fully present a knowledge system in the translated text. Specifically, it analyzes three dimensions of knowledge transplantation: lexical, sentential, and textual.

In lexical transplantation, the importance of terminology as the basic unit of knowledge is emphasized. The translation of Essentials of Teaching Methods for Various Subjects by Bai Zuolin retained a large number of specialized terms, constructing the framework of the knowledge system through straightforward linguistic conversion. Due to the similarities between Chinese and Japanese culture and language, many terms could find equivalents in the Chinese linguistic context, making the translation process more convenient.

In sentential transplantation, the transmission of ideas, techniques, and concepts within the knowledge system—often expressed through sentences—is discussed. Bai Zuolin comprehensively preserved the original sentences in his translation to ensure the complete transfer of educational theories and pedagogical ideas, providing a theoretical foundation for the establishment of a new educational system.

In textual transplantation, the systematic nature of knowledge systems is emphasized, noting that knowledge transplantation is essentially a respect for and reproduction of discourse and text. Bai Zuolin nearly fully retained the original discourse form and textual structure in his translation to facilitate the reshaping of modern educational systems in China, offering reference for educational and social reforms.

In summary, Bai Zuolin adopted a comprehensive transplantation strategy in translating Essentials of Teaching Methods for Various Subjects, covering lexical, sentential, and textual levels to disseminate Japan's advanced educational system and promote modern Chinese educational reform.

3. Adaptation: Knowledge Transformation Influenced by the Target Audience

The discussion explores how the target audience influences knowledge translation strategies, emphasizing the importance of readers' cultural backgrounds and comprehension limitations in knowledge dissemination. Using Essentials of Teaching Methods for Various Subjects as an example, it analyzes how knowledge undergoes adaptive adjustments based on Chinese readers' and societal needs during dissemination. First, the necessity of linguistic adaptation is discussed, noting that translators must consider the expressive norms of the target language to ensure smooth knowledge transfer. For instance, "裁缝科" (sewing department) was translated as "缝纫科" (needlework department) to align with Chinese professional impressions and avoid ambiguity. Second, in cultural adaptation, the translator adjusted cultural elements in the original text to fit the target cultural context, such as replacing Japanese geographical examples with Anqing, Anhui, in China to enhance cultural relevance. Lastly, in social adaptation, the translator incorporated official Chinese documents to reinforce governmental authority and facilitate the implementation of the new educational system. These strategies not only promoted knowledge dissemination but also strengthened its social enlightenment effect.

4. Summary

As a core medium of cross-cultural communication, translation aims to achieve intercultural dialogue and knowledge transfer. The process of knowledge dissemination is complex, involving both content and audience. Centering on a specific knowledge system and integrating output objectives with knowledge logic, the "transplantation" strategy is formed in translation practice to reorganize knowledge concepts, ideas, and systems in a new linguistic environment. Simultaneously, dissemination activities are influenced by the readership, necessitating the "adaptation" strategy—multidimensional adjustments in linguistic expression, cultural compatibility, and social context—to enhance the dissemination efficacy and impact of the translated work.