Thank you to Professor Xian Manxue from Peking University for her insightful comments on the conceptualization and writing process of this article. She also pointed out that the statistical work on the phenomenon of homophones and allophones in Chinese Vietnamese relationship morphemes was completed by Luo Jia, a 2020 master's student under the guidance of the author, providing a data foundation for the second major point of this article. Meanwhile, Liu Yinghan, a 2022 master's student under the guidance of the author, also proposed some revision suggestions.

1. Proposal of the problem

Han Vietnamese words are an important component of the Vietnamese vocabulary system, and their definitions and origins are difficult. The academic community has different definitions of Han Vietnamese words, but it is generally believed that each syllable of Han Vietnamese words adopts the Han Vietnamese pronunciation. The sound source of Han Vietnamese pronunciation comes from the Tang Dynasty Chinese phonetic system, which is a product of imitating Chinese characters based on the phonetic characteristics of Vietnamese. When Chinese characters have multiple pronunciations, they usually correspond to multiple Han Vietnamese pronunciations, resulting in homophones but different tones. Wang Li and Xian Manxue respectively established the conceptual systems of Han Yue language and relational morphemes, both of which exhibit significant homophones and dissonances. Han Vietnamese morphemes are a component of relational morphemes, and in the late Middle Ages, most relational morphemes were Han Vietnamese morphemes. In the use and research of Vietnamese vocabulary, some disyllabic compound words are assumed to be Sino Vietnamese words, but this has not been fully confirmed at the morpheme level, such as t ưl ươ ng (contemplation) and its second morpheme l ươ ng. In Vietnamese, there are two compound words, t ưưượ ng and t ưườ ng, which also originate from "contemplation". The relationship between these three homophones and disyllabic disyllabic words needs to be clarified. To solve this problem, it is necessary to first summarize the homophones and dissonances of relational morphemes and Sino Vietnamese morphemes, and then analyze them using Chinese pronunciation knowledge.

The phenomenon of homophones and allophones in Chinese Vietnamese relationship morphemes

This paper explores the phenomenon of homophones and dissonances in Chinese and Vietnamese morphemes. Based on the research of Xian Manxue, three types of homophones and dissonances are summarized: Chinese polyphonic characters correspond to two homophones and dissonances, the corresponding relationship of the same Chinese character at different time stages, and homophones and dissonances caused by mixed factors. These phenomena involve both Han Vietnamese and non Han Vietnamese pronunciations, reflecting language contact and evolution at different historical levels.

Understanding the phenomenon of homophones and dissonances in Chinese Vietnamese morphemes from the perspective of Chinese character breaking

Explored the phenomenon of broken Chinese characters and its impact on the homophones and dissonances of Han Vietnamese morphemes. Breaking is the phenomenon of changing the original pronunciation of Chinese characters to indicate a change in meaning or function, and in modern linguistics, it belongs to tone changing word formation. Tone changing word formation is a common word formation method in ancient Chinese, involving characters with the same initial and final consonants but different tones. The phenomenon of broken Chinese characters is common, which is the main cause of Chinese polyphonic characters and affects the phenomenon of homophones and dissonance between Chinese and Vietnamese morphemes. When Chinese polyphonic characters are borrowed from Vietnamese, a phenomenon of homophones and dissonance of Chinese Vietnamese morphemes occurs, and their contact with Chinese characters belongs to the same historical level. With the evolution of Chinese phonetics, some broken pronunciations have disappeared, and in modern Chinese, one character corresponds to two Chinese Vietnamese pronunciations, causing confusion for learners and researchers. Mastering the knowledge of Chinese character pronunciation can help understand the phenomenon of homophones and dissonances in Chinese Vietnamese morphemes, and provide assistance for the learning and research of Chinese Vietnamese pronunciation and words.

Exploring the origins of 4 L ươ ng, l ượ ng, l ườ ng, and t ưl ươ ng, t ưl ượ ng, t ưl ượ ng

Explored the etymology and evolution of the three words t ưươ ng, t ưượ ng, and t ưưườ ng in Vietnamese. The first syllable of these words is the same, and the second syllable is homophonic but dissonant, indicating a close connection between them. The article analyzes the records of these three words in various dictionaries starting from the 1772 Vietnamese Dictionary and finds that t ưượ ng and t ưưượ ng have similar meanings, mainly referring to considering and measuring, while t ưưươ ng mainly refers to eagerly missing. The article further explores the relationship between L ươ ng, l ượ ng, l ườ ng, and the Chinese character "quantity", pointing out that l ượ ng and l ườ ng are the Han Vietnamese pronunciations of "quantity" and their Vietnamese products, respectively, while the relationship between l ươ ng needs to be explained according to the breaking rules. The article also analyzed the semantics and composition of t ưươ ng, t ưượ ng, and t ưưượ ng, pointing out that t ưưươ ng and t ưưượ ng are Chinese Vietnamese words, while t ưượ ng is not. Finally, the article infers that t ưườ ng directly originates from t ưượ ng, which is a new compound word formed by the transformation of the Han Vietnamese morpheme l ượ ng into Vietnamese, replacing the original l ượ ng with l ượ ng. These new compound words may have been used in conjunction with the original words for a long time, reflecting the evolution of Han Vietnamese morphemes in the late Middle Ages and their competition and division of labor with non Han Vietnamese morphemes.

5 Conclusion

The importance of academic research on Han Vietnamese morphemes was emphasized, and it was pointed out that Xian Manxue's monograph provided a foundation for the study of Han Vietnamese word phonetics. The article analyzes the homophonic and allometric phenomena of Han Vietnamese morphemes, revealing the process of tone formation of relational morphemes and Han Vietnamese morphemes. Taking t ưl ươ ng (thinking) as an example, the effectiveness of the research method is demonstrated. At the same time, it was pointed out that some Han Vietnamese morphemes still need further research, such as qu á n xuy ế n, ph ó ng vi ê n. The case study of Sino Vietnamese words not only demonstrates the application space of relationship morphemes and Sino Vietnamese morpheme phonetic research, but also reflects the instrumental value of ancient Chinese knowledge in phonetic research. In addition, the study of Sino Vietnamese phonetics provides a new perspective for phonetic annotation of Chinese vocabulary, such as the correct pronunciation of the word "si liang" should be s ī li á ng and s ī li à ng. Large Chinese dictionaries, especially ancient Chinese dictionaries, should indicate the two pronunciations of "si liang".