1 Introduction

Based on the theory of construction grammar, this paper explores the basic unit of language - construction, and its role in language acquisition. Emphasis was placed on the influence of factors such as language input frequency, construction salience, and semantic dependency on construction acquisition, and it was pointed out that second language acquisition follows the same construction acquisition sequence as first language acquisition. The research on second language acquisition of Chinese constructions has gradually received attention, focusing on the conscious construction and acquisition mechanism of specific Chinese constructions, as well as the influence of language input frequency patterns on the acquisition of abstract Chinese schema constructions. The psychological reality and solidification degree of the Chinese multi groove frame structure are not high, and the awareness of form and meaning is incomplete and unstable. This study uses experimental methods to manipulate the constant and variable components of constructions, directly examining the acquisition of multi groove construction semantic knowledge by advanced level second language learners, in order to reveal the impact of flexible changes in construction form on second language acquisition.

2 Research Design

Introduced the research design, including subjects, materials, and experimental procedures. The participants consist of 40 native Chinese speakers and 68 advanced Chinese second language speakers, aged between 17-35 years old, with advanced Chinese proficiency. The experimental materials were selected from the "Modern Chinese Structure Database" with 12 Chinese compound sentence patterns and frame structures. 48 sentences were set up around these structures as experimental materials, and each frame structure was required to contain at least two constants and filled in vocabulary grooves. The experimental task is to determine and correct errors. Participants are required to first check whether the sentence is correct, and if it is incorrect, they are required to correct it. The experimental program will perform Latin square balancing on 48 sentences according to sentence types, dividing them into 4 groups of 12 sentences each, with 4 conditions and 3 sentences under each condition. Each sentence contains a different structure. A total of 68 Chinese second language participants participated in the experiment, with 17 participants corresponding to each group of materials. Each participant only made one set of sentence materials. The experiment is conducted online to collect experimental data, and students are required to complete it within 25 minutes.

3 Results and Analysis

The mastery of Chinese multi groove box structure semantic knowledge by native and second language speakers was evaluated through a scoring system. The accuracy rate of native Chinese speakers on all sentences is 100%, while the average accuracy rate of second language speakers is 49%, indicating a significant difference between the two. Through t-test analysis, it was found that the accuracy of second language speakers in sentences with changes in the last constant was significantly higher than in sentences with changes in the middle constant. However, when the construction variable was changed, there was no difference in the accuracy of sentences with errors in the first half of the sentence and possible errors in both the first and last half of the sentence. This indicates that second language speakers can still stably extract the construction meaning when the difficulty of semantic processing increases. The analysis of answer types by second language learners shows that they are able to master and apply pre examined constructions, but in some cases, they fail to correctly use the construction meaning to correct sentences, reflecting the instability of second language learners in acquiring construction semantic knowledge.

4 Discussion

This chapter discusses the differences between second language Chinese speakers and native Chinese speakers in acquiring complex box structure, form, and meaning knowledge. Research has found that second language speakers have a higher accuracy rate in changing sentences with structural constants than with variables, while native speakers have a 100% accuracy rate under all conditions. The degree of solidification in the formal representation of second language constructions is not high, and the representation quality of the last constant in the construction is better than that of the middle constant, which affects the overall representation quality. The quality differences in the characterization of common components may be related to the flexibility of use, and more empirical evidence is needed to verify. Second language learners have poor acquisition of structural meaning, and the degree of extraction and application of structural meaning depends on various factors, such as sentence context and semantic difficulty. There is no difference in the accuracy of sentence changes, indicating that second language learners can acquire typical semantic features and apply them. In short, second language learners find it difficult to acquire complex structural meanings in Chinese, and the dependency of the acquired structural meanings is not high. However, after acquiring structural meanings, they can relatively stably extract and apply them.

5 Conclusion

Chinese second language speakers have low quality in the representation of frame structures, due to differences in the degree of solidification of common component representations and low dependency between structural form and meaning. Second language learners are able to grasp the meaning of construction and use it stably, but due to insufficient exposure, their understanding of the flexibility of construction forms is insufficient, and the connection between form and meaning is not strong. Teachers can promote second language learners' acquisition of complex Chinese box structures and improve the quality of representation by changing the form and increasing the amount of input.